Introduction
Following up from my last post about a two-factor SSH authentication python module, I thought I'd add one more module that has yielded some interesting results as well. If you watch your authorization log closely you'll undoubtedly notice multiple failed login attempts per day primarily for root/privileged users. These scans are largely automated by using lists of popular passwords and SSH cracking programs such as Beleth. Typical authorization logs from SSHd look similar to the entry below.
Jan 1 18:10:51 lan sshd[19972]: Failed password for root from 61.xxx.xxx.34 port 33302 ssh2
I thought it would be interesting to see not only which users were commonly targets of attack, but also the wordlists being actively used by these bots. The module below will log a copy of the attempted username and password for all failed login attempts. I've also included a copy of all failed attempts logged after running this module for a week. The log entry below is how auth.log will look while using the module.
Jan 1 19:58:39 lan sshd: SSH Attack Logged: Remote Host: 61.xxx.xxx.34 (root:password1)
The Source
import crypt, spwd, syslog
def auth_log(msg):
"""Send errors to default auth log"""
syslog.openlog(facility=syslog.LOG_AUTH)
syslog.syslog("SSH Attack Logged: " + msg)
syslog.closelog()
def check_pw(user, password):
"""Check the password matches local unix password on file"""
hashed_pw = spwd.getspnam(user)[1]
return crypt.crypt(password, hashed_pw) == hashed_pw
def pam_sm_authenticate(pamh, flags, argv):
try:
user = pamh.get_user()
except pamh.exception, e:
return e.pam_result
if not user:
return pamh.PAM_USER_UNKNOWN
try:
resp = pamh.conversation(pamh.Message(pamh.PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF, 'Password:'))
except pamh.exception, e:
return e.pam_result
if not check_pw(user, resp.resp):
auth_log("Remote Host: %s (%s:%s)" % (pamh.rhost, user, resp.resp))
return pamh.PAM_AUTH_ERR
return pamh.PAM_SUCCESS
def pam_sm_setcred(pamh, flags, argv):
return pamh.PAM_SUCCESS
def pam_sm_acct_mgmt(pamh, flags, argv):
return pamh.PAM_SUCCESS
def pam_sm_open_session(pamh, flags, argv):
return pamh.PAM_SUCCESS
def pam_sm_close_session(pamh, flags, argv):
return pamh.PAM_SUCCESS
def pam_sm_chauthtok(pamh, flags, argv):
return pamh.PAM_SUCCESS
Configuration
Configuration is similar to the STAMP 2-factor authentication module. Instead of adding an additional authentication requirement, we're simply going to replace the standard password entry in /etc/pam.d/sshd with our new module. Save a copy of the source code to /lib/security/pwreveal.py. Now, open up /etc/pam.d/sshd and insert the line below.
#@include common-auth
auth requisite pam_python.so pwreveal.py
Resources
You can run similar experiments by using any number of widely available honeypot projects. Kippo is an SSH based honeypot that includes not only password logging, but also places attackers in a sandboxed shell that logs all of their commands. If you don't want to deal directly with the kippo software, it's included as part of Honeydrive, a full featured VM honeypot.
Collected wordlist
